Hydrogen production in 2050: how much water will 74EJ need?

energypost.eu/hydrogen-production-in-2050-how-much-water-will-74ej-need/
Looking at hydrogen production, the minimum water electrolysis can consume is about 9 kg of water per kg of hydrogen. However, taking into account the process of water de-mineralisation, the ratio can range between 18 kg and 24 kg of water per kg of hydrogen or even up to 25.7-30.2 according to [1].

PDF Water for the Hydrogen Economy - WaterSMART Solutions

watersmartsolutions.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Water-for-the-Hydrogen-Economy_WaterSMART-Whitepaper_November-2020.pdf
Table 1 - Water demands of commercially available electrolysers. Commercial Unit Water demand (DI water/kg H2) SIEMENS SILZER 300 10 L HYDROGENICS HYLZER 11.1 L CHE Hydrogen Generation Plant 11.1 L 4) Emerging options for hydrogen production Steam methane reforming, autothermal reforming and electrolysis were reviewed in this paper as these

Hydrogen Reality Check: Distilling Green Hydrogen's Water Consumption

rmi.org/hydrogen-reality-check-distilling-green-hydrogens-water-consumption/     2023-08-02T00:00:00.0000000
The DOE National Clean Hydrogen Roadmap targets 50 million metric tons (MMT) of clean hydrogen annually produced by 2050. Assuming all this hydrogen is produced via electrolysis at 20 L/kg, this would require 1 billion cubic meters of water, or 0.26 percent of US current water usage.

Water for hydrogen production

www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Dec/Water-for-hydrogen-production
Water for hydrogen production. ISBN: 978-92-9260-526-1 December 2023. With clean hydrogen emerging as a key component in reducing emissions in "hard-to-abate" sectors like steel-making and the chemical industry, a better understanding of its water footprint is becoming increasingly important - particularly in water-stressed regions of the world.

How Much Water Would a Hydrogen Economy Use?

sustainabilityinfo.com/energy/how-much-water-would-a-hydrogen-economy-use/     2023-03-27T00:00:00.0000000
A hydrogen economy would consume about 5.63-11.25 trillion liters of water annually in 2050 depending on the method used for its production. This estimate is based on an annual total energy demand of 750 EJ in 2050 where hydrogen accounts for 20% of this demand. The detailed calculation is presented in the section below.

PDF Life-Cycle Analysis of Water Consumption for Hydrogen Production

www.hydrogen.energy.gov/docs/hydrogenprogramlibraries/pdfs/review15/sa039_elgowainy_2015_o.pdf
1.5 -1.8 gal water /kg H2 Central production 3.9 - 4.2 gal water / kg H2 without accounting for recycling 1.6 gal water / kg H2 with recycling of steam and condensate Stoichiometry: 1.2 gal water per kg H2 for SMR with (S/C=2) Distributed production 5 gal water / kg H2 without condensate recycling 2.4 - 3 gal water / kg H2

Does the Green Hydrogen Economy Have a Water Problem?

pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01375
From an economic viewpoint, desalination by RO would add an energy cost of $0.53-1.50 per m 3 of clean water produced, which would add no more than $0.01 to the cost of hydrogen production per kg. This is in agreement with an analysis by Khan et al. which found that desalination would comprise 0.1% of the energy requirement of electrolysis ...

The water industry in a hydrogen economy | PA Consulting

www.paconsulting.com/newsroom/the-water-report-the-water-industry-in-a-hydrogen-economy-12-july-2021
SMR is a mature production process in which high-temperature steam (700°C-1,000°C) is used to produce hydrogen from a methane source, such as natural gas. Water use is between 6-13 kg per kg of hydrogen produced. Water consumed in the chemical process is below 8 kg for ATR, but this hydrogen production method has not yet been deployed at scale.

Water treatment for green hydrogen: what you need to know

hydrogentechworld.com/water-treatment-for-green-hydrogen-what-you-need-to-know     2022-10-27T00:00:00.0000000
The power rating will determine the rate at which hydrogen is produced and thus the rate of water consumption. The amount of ultrapure water needed per MW depends on how much energy the electrolyser needs to convert the 9 L (kg) of ultrapure water to 1 kg of hydrogen. Most electrolysers consume 45-55 kWh per kg of hydrogen, which means that 0 ...

PDF Resource Assessment for Hydrogen Production - Department of Energy

www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2020/08/f77/hfto-webinar-resource-assessment-h2-production.pdf
For electricity LTE, 513 TWh will be required to meet demand of 10 MMT H2 in 2040. Total projected net electricity generation: 4,936 TWh. Demand for 10 MMT of electrolytic hydrogen would result in a 10% increase in electricity generation in 2040. Projected renewable electricity generation: 1,356 TWh. Producing 10 MMT of electrolytic hydrogen ...

The hydrogen economy - Where is the water? - ScienceDirect

www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S277242712200078X     2022-09-01T00:00:00.0000000
The proliferation of desalination plants and inter-basin transfer to deal with water scarcity and hydrogen production may not be the answer. A typical large scale desalination plant produces 100,000 m 3 (1000 L) of water per day at a cost of $2 million per m 3 of water produced per day [30].

First Analysis of the Water Requirements of a Hydrogen Economy - Phys.org

phys.org/news/2007-10-analysis-requirements-hydrogen-economy.html
Based on the atomic properties of water, 1 kg of hydrogen gas requires about 2.4 gallons of water as feedstock. In one year, 60 billion kilograms of hydrogen would require 143 billion gallons of ...

Some rules of thumb of the hydrogen economy | Carbon Commentary

www.carboncommentary.com/blog/2021/6/11/some-rules-of-thumb-of-the-hydrogen-economy
The purpose of this article is to offer some simple rules of thumb that help place hydrogen alongside other parts of the energy system. 1, A kilogramme of hydrogen - the unit most often used - has an energy value of about 33.3 kWh. [1] So a tonne of hydrogen delivers about 33 MWh and a million tonnes about 33 terawatt hours (TWh).

PDF Hydrogen Fact Sheet: Production of Low-carbon Hydrogen

www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/pictures/HydrogenProduction_CGEP_FactSheet_052621.pdf
currently seven blue hydrogen facilities in operation, four in the US and three in Canada, producing over 350,000 tons5 of "low-carbon" hydrogen, with more than 20 planned developments in the next decade. Hydrogen can be produced through electrolysis of water, splitting water (H 2 O) into hydrogen and oxygen, using an electrolyzer.

Comparison of the emissions intensity of different hydrogen production ...

www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/comparison-of-the-emissions-intensity-of-different-hydrogen-production-routes-2021     2023-06-29T00:00:00.0000000
Hydrogen production from natural gas via SMR is based on 44.5 kWh/kg H2 for natural gas in the case of no CO2 capture, on 45.0 kWh/kg H2 for natural gas in the case of 60% capture rate, and on 49 kWh/kg H2 for natural gas and 0.8 kWh/kg H2 for electricity in the case of a 93% capture rate.

Estimating The Carbon Footprint Of Hydrogen Production - Forbes

www.forbes.com/sites/rrapier/2020/06/06/estimating-the-carbon-footprint-of-hydrogen-production/     2020-06-06T13:00:00.0000000
Thus, per 1 million standard cubic feet (SCF) of hydrogen produced from methane, 250,000 SCF of CO 2 will be produced. There are 19,253 SCF of carbon dioxide in one metric ton, so 1 million SCF of ...

Hydrogen From A to Z: T for 1TPD : GenH2 Discover Hydrogen

genh2hydrogen.com/blog/hydrogen-from-a-to-z-t-for-1tpd/     2022-10-20T00:00:00.0000000
A tonne, also known as a metric Ton, is equal to 1000 kg, (or 2,204.6 pounds) and that is the unit of measure we are focusing on today. One tonne of hydrogen, or 1,000 kg of hydrogen, is equivalent to 14.1 m 3 (3,731 gallons) of liquid hydrogen at the Normal Boiling Point (NBP) or 11,935 m 3 (421,480 ft 3) of gaseous hydrogen at Standard ...

20 Tons of Water = 1 Ton of Hydrogen: Why is Noone Talking ... - LinkedIn

www.linkedin.com/pulse/20-tons-water-1-ton-hydrogen-why-noone-talking-we-our-de-courcay
It takes 20 tons of water to make 1 ton of Hydrogen fuel. That's literally tons. A dam or river can't supply that quantity of water. The source of water doesn't get much mention.

Executive summary - Global Hydrogen Review 2022 - Analysis - IEA

www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2022/executive-summary
Hydrogen demand reached 94 million tonnes (Mt) in 2021, recovering to above pre-pandemic levels (91 Mt in 2019), and containing energy equal to about 2.5% of global final energy consumption. Most of the increase came from traditional uses in refining and industry, though demand for new applications grew to about 40 thousand tonnes (up 60% from ...

3M says 'bring us your problems' to make green hydrogen a reality

www.startribune.com/to-make-affordable-green-hydrogen-a-reality-3m-says-bring-us-your-problems/600370651/     2024-06-03T07:00:00.0000000
Hydrogen and oxygen pulse through thin tubes around a crowded laboratory. Moments before, the gases were combined as water. From a lab bench inside 3M's Maplewood campus, massive electrical cables ...

PDF Hydrogen Conversion Factors and Facts Card (Revised)

www.nrel.gov/docs/gen/fy08/43061.pdf
Hydrogen Data • Hydrogen is colorless and odorless — Detectors are needed • Hydrogen flames are virtually invisible in daylight — Detectors are needed • Hydrogen disperses 3.8 times as fast as natural gas. • 1 kg of hydrogen has the same energy content as 1 gallon (3.2 kg) of gasoline. U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen Program

Why We Need Green Hydrogen - State of the Planet

news.climate.columbia.edu/2021/01/07/need-green-hydrogen/
Hydrogen can also be produced through the electrolysis of water, leaving nothing but oxygen as a byproduct. ... That infographic is completely misleading. 39.4 MWh of electricity producing 1,1 ton (998 kg) of green hydrogen is utterly unachievable from low temperature electrolysis using only electricity from WASPs. That process can only manage ...

Hydrogen Production | Department of Energy

www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-production
The overall challenge to hydrogen production is cost. DOE's Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office is focused on developing technologies that can produce hydrogen at $2/kg by 2026 and $1/kg by 2031 via net-zero-carbon pathways, in support of the Hydrogen Energy Earthshot goal of reducing the cost of clean hydrogen by 80% to $1 per 1 ...

How much Hydrogen can be extracted from a gallon of water? Is there any ...

www.physlink.com/Education/Askexperts/ae367.cfm
The density of water is 1g/(cm 3) so in 1 gallon of water ( about 3.785 Liters or 3785 cm 3) the mass of the water is, 3785g. 1 mole of 6.02x10 23 molecules of water is equal has the mass in grams equal to the molecular weight or 18 grams per mole. so 3785 grams corresponds to about 1.265 x 10 26 molecules of water.

Science Simplified: What Is Hydrogen Energy? - SciTechDaily

scitechdaily.com/science-simplified-what-is-hydrogen-energy/     2024-04-06T00:00:00.0000000
Hydrogen is the simplest chemical element, or type of atom. It consists of just one proton and one electron. It is also the most abundant element, making up around 75% of the known matter in the universe. Vast amounts of hydrogen exist in water and living things. An abundance of hydrogen exists within the water on our planet, and it is ...

Production of hydrogen - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)

www.eia.gov/energyexplained/hydrogen/production-of-hydrogen.php     2023-06-23T00:00:00.0000000
Steam-methane reforming is a widely used method of commercial hydrogen production. Steam-methane reforming accounts for nearly all commercially produced hydrogen in the United States. Commercial hydrogen producers and petroleum refineries use steam-methane reforming to separate hydrogen atoms from carbon atoms in methane (CH 4).In steam-methane reforming, high-temperature steam (1,300°F to ...

[Retracted] Effect of Rotating Magnetic Field on Hydrogen Production ...

onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/9085721     2023-08-30T00:00:00.0000000
3.1. Basic Theory of Hydrogen Production from Electrolytic Water. Hydrogen is a renewable and clean energy, which can be widely used in all walks of life as industrial raw materials and energy carriers. Therefore, low-cost and efficient hydrogen production technology from electrolytic water is extremely important and has a very broad market ...
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